In 1531, two years before the birth of Elizabeth I, the skies over Western Europe exploded in atmospheric chaos. A yellow tailed comet crossed the sky followed by flags, fireballs, and flaming crosses. For the incredulous onlookers, "God and Satan were once again in mortal conflict, and, as never before, men's souls stood in jeopardy" (Smith 92).

Calvin and Loyola sparked the flames of the reformation that led to a permanent schism in Western Christendom. Erasmus and More helped advance the humanist movement, and by the time Henry VIII was declared "Supreme Head on Earth," the English Renaissance was in full swing. The gloom of the medieval past gave way to an energized, exciting and experimental period that proclaimed "all in doubt" (Smith 12).

The early modern period is distinguished by its zest for life, its desire for knowledge, and its celebration of the individual.While medieval citizens saw government as a necessary evil, by the 16th century, it had become a living organism with every section of society occupying their rightful place in the body politic. But had things really changed? Had the Elizabethans shed the anxiety and conflict of their medieval past?

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